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2026 г., № 1
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Теоретические проблемы экологии
УДК: 631.81:631.95

Дефицит селена в почвах и способы его коррекции

Н.В. Сырчина, Л.В. Пилип, Т.Я. Ашихмина, Д.В. Демидов
ВятГУ
Специфическими особенностями микроэлемента (МЭ) Se являются чрезвычайно низкие физиологические нормы потребления и узкий интервал между дефицитом и токсичностью. Недостаток селена в организме приводит к нарушению здоровья и сокращению продолжительности жизни. Основным источником Se для растений является почва, далее этот элемент передаётся по пищевым цепям. Концентрация Se в почвах обычно варьирует в пределах от 0,01 до 2,0 мг/кг при среднем глобальном значении 0,4 мг/кг. Большинство почв сельскохозяйственного назначения характеризуются выраженным дефицитом Se. Обогащение почв этим МЭ позволяет не только повысить содержание Se в сельскохозяйственной продукции, но и увеличить продуктивность агроценозов, снизить патогенную нагрузку на растения, повысить их стрессоустойчивость. Для обогащения почв могут найти применение Se-содержащие удобрения. Наиболее безопасными считаются удобрения, содержащие Se в виде органических соединений или биоформ, однако производство таких удобрений сопряжено с относительно высокими затратами. Чаще всего в качестве источника Se для растений применяют селенат натрия, его недостатком является высокая токсичность, ограничивающая возможность использования в сельском хозяйстве. Более безопасными считаются обогащённые Se комплексные удобрения. Производство и вывод на рынок доступных и эффективных Se-удобрений имеют большое социальное значение, однако технологические аспекты производства таких удобрений в научных публикациях не нашли должного отражения. Вопросы, касающиеся оптимальных норм внесения Se в почвы, до настоящего времени также не получили однозначного решения. В разных публикациях приводятся данные о достижении положительного эффекта при внесении от 4 до 200г Se на га под одну и ту же культуру. Дискуссионными являются вопросы, касающиеся оценки экологических рисков от масштабного использования Se-удобрений, однако в ряде публикаций приводятся сведения о том, что Se, благодаря образованию летучих соединений, не аккумулируется почвами и практически не мигрирует в подземные воды.
Ключевые слова: селен, микроэлементы, почвы, удобрения, биодоступность селена

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Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания ИБ ФИЦ Коми НЦ УрО РАН по теме «Оценка состояния трансформированных экосистем подзоны южной тайги, методические подходы к их биоремедиации», ЕГИСУ № 125021402208-5.

DOI: 10.25750/1995-4301-2026-1-006-018
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