Теоретическая и прикладная экология

1995-43012618-8406

10.25750/1995-4301-2026-1-006-018

Other

Дефицит селена в почвах и способы его коррекции

Selenium deficiency in soils and methods for its correction

Сырчина

Н. В.

Syrchina

N. V.

nvms1956@mail.ru

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8049-6760

Пилип

Л. В.

Pilip

L. V.

pilip_larisa@mail.ru

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9695-7146

Ашихмина

Т. Я.

Ashikhmina

T. Ya.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4919-0047

Демидов

Д. В.

Demidov

D. V.

https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0971-9110

Vyatka State University (Kirov, Russia)

Вятский государственный университет (Киров, Россия)

Vyatka State Agrotechnological University (Kirov, Russia)

Вятский государственный агротехнологический университет (Киров, Россия)

Institute of Biology of the Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Syktyvkar, Russia)

Институт биологии Коми научного центра Уральского отделения Российской академии наук (Сыктывкар, Россия)

PHOSAGRO GROUP, Company Apatit (Moscow, Russia)

Группа «ФОСАГРО» ОП АО «Апатит» (Москва, Россия)

25032026

1618

http://www.envjournal.ru/ari/v2026/v1/26101.pdf

Специфическими особенностями микроэлемента (МЭ) Se являются чрезвычайно низкие физиологические нормы потребления и узкий интервал между дефицитом и токсичностью. Недостаток селена в организме приводит к нарушению здоровья и сокращению продолжительности жизни. Основным источником Se для растений является почва, далее этот элемент передаётся по пищевым цепям. Концентрация Se в почвах обычно варьирует в пределах от 0,01 до 2,0 мг/кг при среднем глобальном значении 0,4 мг/кг. Большинство почв сельскохозяйственного назначения характеризуются выраженным дефицитом Se. Обогащение почв этим МЭ позволяет не только повысить содержание Se в сельскохозяйственной продукции, но и увеличить продуктивность агроценозов, снизить патогенную нагрузку на растения, повысить их стрессоустойчивость. Для обогащения почв могут найти применение Se-содержащие удобрения. Наиболее безопасными считаются удобрения, содержащие Se в виде органических соединений или биоформ, однако производство таких удобрений сопряжено с относительно высокими затратами. Чаще всего в качестве источника Se для растений применяют селенат натрия, его недостатком является высокая токсичность, ограничивающая возможность использования в сельском хозяйстве. Более безопасными считаются обогащённые Se комплексные удобрения. Производство и вывод на рынок доступных и эффективных Se-удобрений имеют большое социальное значение, однако технологические аспекты производства таких удобрений в научных публикациях не нашли должного отражения. Вопросы, касающиеся оптимальных норм внесения Se в почвы, до настоящего времени также не получили однозначного решения. В разных публикациях приводятся данные о достижении положительного эффекта при внесении от 4 до 200г Se на га под одну и ту же культуру. Дискуссионными являются вопросы, касающиеся оценки экологических рисков от масштабного использования Se-удобрений, однако в ряде публикаций приводятся сведения о том, что Se, благодаря образованию летучих соединений, не аккумулируется почвами и практически не мигрирует в подземные воды.

Micronutrient Se is characterized by extremely low physiological requirements and a narrow threshold between deficiency and toxicity. Selenium deficiency leads to poor health and shortened lifespan. Soil is the primary source of Se for plants, and this element is then passed along the food chain. Most agricultural soils are characterized by a significant Se deficiency. Enriching soils with this micronutrient not only increases Se-content in agricultural products but also enhances the productivity of agrocenoses, reduces pathogen load on plants, and improves their stress resistance. Se-containing fertilizers can be used to enrich soils. Fertilizers containing Se in organic form or bioform are considered the safest, however, the production of such fertilizers is relatively expensive. Sodium selenate is most often used as a source of Se for plants. High toxicity is its disadvantage limiting its use in agriculture. Commercial forms of combined fertilizers enriched with Se are considered safer. The production and marketing of affordable and effective Se fertilizers is of great social importance. However, the technological aspects of their production have not been adequately addressed in scientific publications. Questions regarding optimal Se application rates to soils have not yet received an acceptable answer. Various publications report positive effects with Se applications ranging from 4 to 200 g/ha for the same crop. Assessing the environmental risks of large-scale Se-fertilizer use is controversial. However, there is evidence that due to volatile compounds formed, Se does not accumulate in soils and virtually does not migrate into groundwater.

селенмикроэлементыпочвыудобрениябиодоступность селена

seleniummicronutrientssoilsfertilizersselenium bioavailability

Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания ИБ ФИЦ Коми НЦ УрО РАН по теме «Оценка состояния трансформированных экосистем подзоны южной тайги, методические подходы к их биоремедиации», ЕГИСУ № 125021402208-5.

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