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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" dtd-version="1.4" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Теоретическая и прикладная экология</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1995-4301</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2618-8406</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.25750/1995-4301-2026-1-209-216</article-id><article-categories><subj-group><subject>Other</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="ru">Биоплёнки Nostoc commune как феномен многолетней природной вегетации в техногенной среде</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Nostoc commune biofilms as a phenomenon of perennial natural vegetation in a technogenic environment</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коротких</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Korotkikh</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><email>anastasi0301@yandex.ru</email><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0700-371X</contrib-id></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кондакова</surname><given-names>Л. В.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kondakova</surname><given-names>L.V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2190-686X</contrib-id></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Домрачева</surname><given-names>Л. И.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Domracheva</surname><given-names>L. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/><email>dli-alga@mail.ru</email><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7104-3337</contrib-id></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ашихмина</surname><given-names>Т. Я.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ashikhmina</surname><given-names>T. Ya.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4919-0047</contrib-id></contrib><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Vyatka State Agrotechnological University (Kirov, Russia)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Вятский государственный агротехнологический университет (Киров, Россия)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Biology of the Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Syktyvkar, Russia)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Vyatka State University (Kirov, Russia)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт биологии Коми научного центра Уральского отделения Российской академии наук (Сыктывкар, Россия)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff6"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Вятский государственный университет (Киров, Россия)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-25"><day>25</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><issue>1</issue><fpage>209</fpage><lpage>216</lpage><self-uri xlink:href="http://www.envjournal.ru/ari/v2026/v1/26122.pdf" xlink:title="http://www.envjournal.ru/ari/v2026/v1/26122.pdf">http://www.envjournal.ru/ari/v2026/v1/26122.pdf</self-uri><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="publication-e1d29b18-2f97-4653-9a45-365348ff3f5f.pdf" xlink:title="PDF"/><abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Проведён сравнительный анализ структурных особенностей природных биоплёнок Nostoc commune, вегетирующих в одном и том же техногенном экотопе в течение 20 лет. Данные биоплёнки представляют собой поликомпонентные сообщества, включающие фототрофные и сапротрофные микроорганизмы (МО) различных таксономических групп. Структура таких плёнок характеризуется экстремально высокой плотностью популяций, достигающей миллиардов клеток на 1 г воздушно-сухой массы. Nostoc commune, как доминант-эдификатор подобных наземных консорциумов, обладает способностью к длительному совместному существованию с представителями других фототрофных и гетеротрофных МО как прокариотных, так и эукариотных. Однако под влиянием природных и техногенных факторов возможны определённые изменения видового и количественного состава этих биоплёнок, которые, тем не менее, сохраняют свою сетчато-нитчатую структуру, напоминающую псевдоткань. Вероятно, основой формирования биоплёнок N. commune является природный внутрипочвенный пул МО, который первоначально даёт шаровидные колонии чистой культуры N. commune, впоследствии объединяющий других обитающих в почве микробов. Высокое сродство N. commune к своим партнёрам в биоплёнке доказано при определении видовых, количественных и структурных особенностей биоплёнок, собранных в 2005 и 2025 гг. Устойчивость биоплёнок, обитающих и вегетирующих в техногенном экотопе, к возможному загрязнению обусловлена многофункциональными способностями партнёров: фотосинтезом цианобактерий и водорослей, азотфиксирующей способностью гетероцистных цианобактерий и гетеротрофных азотфиксаторов, деструктивной активностью аммонификаторов, микромицетов и актиномицетов, а также механической устойчивостью самих биоплёнок, связанной с развитием нитчатых цианобактерий, микромицетов (суммарная длина которых может достигать 1 км/г), и активным выделением слизи, в первую очередь, самого N. commune и других представителей. Полученные данные свидетельствуют о том, что биоплёнки N. commune в течение длительного периода функционируют как целостный «город микробов», все обитатели которого координированно адаптируются к изменяющимся условиям среды. Понимание этого уникального феноменасаморегуляции открывает перспективы для решения теоретических и прикладных задач микробиологии и экологии.</p></abstract><abstract xml:lang="en" abstract-type="summary"><p>Structural features of natural Nostoc commune biofilms growing in the same technogenic ecotope for 20 years were analyzed. These biofilms are multicomponent communities, including phototrophic and saprotrophic microorganisms of various taxonomic groups. The structure of such biofilms is characterized by an extremely high population density, reaching −109 cells/1 g of dry mass. Nostoc commune is the dominant edifier of such terrestrial consortia. It has the ability  to long-term coexistence with representatives of other phototrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic. However, the species and quantitative composition of these biofilms changes affected by natural and technogenic factors. Nevertheless, the biofilm mesh-filament structure resembling pseudo-fabric retains. Probably, a natural in-soil pool of microorganisms is the basis for the N. commune biofilms forming. Spherical colonies of pure N. commune culture are the initial ones that subsequently combine other soil microbes. The N. commune has high affinity for its partners in biofilm. We confirmed in while determining the species, quantitative and structural features of biofilms collected in 2005 and 2025. Biofilms living and growing in a technogenic ecotope are resistant to possible contamination due to the multifunctional abilities of the partners, such as photosynthesis of cyanobacteria and algae, nitrogen-fixing ability of heterocyst-forming cyanobacteria and heterotrophic nitrogen fixers, destructive activity of ammonificators, micromycetes and actinomycetes. The above may be updated by the biofilm mechanical stability associated with the development of filamentous cyanobacteria, micromycetes (the total length of which can reach 1 km/g), and active mucus secretion, primarily by N. commune itself and other representatives. The data obtained indicate that N. commune biofilms function for a long period as a holistic “city of microbes”, and all its inhabitants adapt in coordinated manner to changing environment. Understanding this unique phenomenon of self-regulation opens up prospects for solving theoretical and applied problems in microbiology and ecology.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Nostoc commune</kwd><kwd>природные биоплёнки</kwd><kwd>фототрофные и гетеротрофные микроорганизмы</kwd><kwd>видовой и количественный состав биоплёнок</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Nostoc commune</kwd><kwd>natural biofilms</kwd><kwd>phototrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms</kwd><kwd>biofilm species and quantitative composition</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания ИБ ФИЦ Коми НЦ УрО РАН по теме «Оценка состояния трансформированных экосистем подзоны южной тайги, методические подходы к их биоремедиации», номер государственной регистрации в ЕГИСУ № 125021402208-5.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><ref id="ref1"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">1. 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